Showing posts with label Brexit. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Brexit. Show all posts

Brexit

>This week Britain slumped to the bottom of the GDP growth rate league table of advanced economies. Along with Italy, Britain is officially the worst performer among the G7 so far this year, held back by high inflation that is putting consumers under pressure. The cause of that high inflation is primarily the knock-on effect of the weaker pound, which dropped by 20% immediately after the Brexit referendum result last year.

Just because the world didn’t change on 24 June 2016 doesn’t mean that it was never going to change. The time-lag between cause and effect is a cornerstone of economic behaviour. This basic dynamic takes into consideration the notion, observable over decades of analysis, that shocks rarely impact economies – particularly sophisticated ones – overnight. The Brexit time-lag has just ended.
Before last year’s referendum, the UK looked set to deliver a strong, consistent economic performance. Leaving the European Union seemed an act of economic jeopardy, but the remain campaign’s warnings of meltdown did not come to pass. Even by the end of last year, six months after the Brexit vote, it looked as if the doomsayers had been proved wrong, with the UK economy the fastest growing in the G7 in 2016.
The weakness of the pound only seemed to inflict mild annoyance for those whose holidays had suddenly become more expensive. And besides, the leavers argued, our currency would bounce back at some point. Even the ratings agencies and the scaremonger-in-chief – the Bank of England – seemed to have called it incorrectly.
But the triumphalism and complacency of the Brexiters since then is a testament to how illiterate, politicised and pseudo-intellectual the whole discussion on economic impact has become. If I had a pound for every time a Brexit supporter confidently opined that a weak sterling will bolster UK exporters, despite it also increasing their costs, I would have … well, they would be worth a lot less than this time last year. It’s almost as if the fact that we woke up the day after the referendum to find that there was still money in the cashpoints was proof enough that it was all going to be OK. The experts were wrong!
But that’s not how it works. And the consistent depression of the pound should have been our guide. You see, currencies are the exception to the time-lag rule, because they are more sensitive and dynamic in times of economic uncertainty. The fuse of currency depreciation had been lit, and was quietly making its way towards the tinderbox of rising inflation, higher household debt and increased pressure on spending power.
The average household is now spending an additional £21 a quarter on groceries compared with last year. That may not seem a huge amount, but with inflation on the up that could mean an extra £119 over the course of this year. Airfares, package holidays and energy bills are all rising while wages remain the same.
Last month unions accused the government of ignoring the plight of ordinary workers as life becomes more expensive. The TUC general secretary, Frances O’Grady, warned of a “living standards crisis”.


And yet these significant and worrying developments have barely registered either in public debate or, indeed, in the election the country is holding that was meant to put to bed any Brexit-related uncertainty. The whole messy economic aspect has been conveniently folded under the deferred resolution of a final agreement – as if these are all merely wrinkles that will be smoothed out during negotiations once a final deal has been secured.
How did we let this happen? The economy question seems to have dropped out of the debate because it has been so debased by Brexit evangelists, backed by their cheerleaders in the press, treating any expressions of concern like sabotage. We have gone from “there will be no impact, don’t talk Britain down” to “if there is, it’s worth it”, making a martyr’s virtue of absorbing economic shocks for some greater ultimate good.
Of course, economies are unpredictable, and a pattern does not make a trend, but today these are the new, inescapable facts: the United Kingdom has not fallen below fourth place in the list of G7 economic growth since the financial crisis of 2007-8 and it is now last; UK house prices have fallen for a third month in a row, also for the first time since the financial crisis; and the pound is at its lowest point for about 30 years.


The past 12 months have undermined our ability to have any rational discussion about the economy because Brexit is now an ideology where there are only comrades and traitors. Populist pandering politicians have rendered any honest appraisal of fact as partisan.
A slowing economic performance is hitting the British people in almost every part of their lives, impacting property values, energy bills, food prices, and the pay packet they take home.
Burying heads in the sand and treating any examination of the possibility that a Brexit effect might already be upon us as treason is nothing short of a dereliction of duty. Those who know what damage our EU exit is still likely to cause have to start speaking up.

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Another Referendum?

Wages

The Conservatives will increase National Living Wage to 60% of median earnings by 2020 and then in line by the rate of median earnings.
It has also pledged to put tighter controls on company pay.

Pensions

The State Pension ‘triple lock’, which ensures pensioner income rises by the higher of inflation, average earnings or 2.5% each year will be replaced with a ‘double lock’ in 2020.
The ‘double lock’ will mean the State Pension will rise by the higher of average earnings or inflation but will no longer be guaranteed to rise by at least 2.5%.
The Conservatives will also get tough on companies that neglect their pension schemes. It will give new powers to the Pensions Regulator to step in and issue fines.

Benefits

The Winter Fuel Allowance, which pays up to £300 to help pensioners with fuel bills – whether they need it or not – will be means tested.
The move will mean better-off pensioners will no longer get the benefit.
Currently the scheme costs £3 billion, but the Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS) reckons the bill could be halved by moving to a means-tested system.
The money raised from the change is expected to fund health and social care.
All other pensioner benefits, including free bus passes, eye tests, prescriptions and TV licences, won’t be impacted for the duration of this parliament.

Social care

The Conservatives will tackle the rising cost of social care in England with new reforms to means testing.
The threshold for free social care will rise from £23,250 to £100,000.
Currently anyone with assets worth more than £23,250 must pay for the full cost of residential care. Those who don’t get costs covered by their local authority.
Under the Conservative proposals the value of assets would have to be £100,000 before they had to pay, but property would be included in the calculation for people seeking care in their homes.
It's estimated the move would make the Treasury more than £1.3 billion a year, which will go towards funding those that fall under the new £100,000 limit.
To soften the blow the Tories promise no-one will have to sell their home while they or a surviving partner is alive to fund residential or home care.
Instead, the money will be recovered later when they die or sell their home with £100,000 ring-fenced to be passed on to loved ones.
For more on the costs take a look at our guide: How to pay for the cost of care.

Schools

The Conservatives will scrap universal free school lunches for infants and replace them with free school breakfasts for all primary children.
Children from low-income families will continue be able to get free school lunches throughout primary and secondary school.
It’s thought the move would save £650 million a year, which would go towards boosting school funding by £4 billion over the next parliament.
The Conservatives will also scrap the ban on new grammar schools.

Businesses

The Tories will conduct a full review of business rates.
It will also stick to its plan to lower Corporation Tax to 17% by 2020.

Deficit

The Conservatives have pledged to clear the deficit and balance the budget by 2025, three years later than the revised target set by former Chancellor George Osborne.
The debate leading up to another referendum would be far more informed than the last one, where we were promised everything from punishment Budgets to £350 million a week to spend on hospitals.
I think both sides stretched the truth and neither really understood exactly what future we were debating.
A second referendum would be conducted with real information and a real understanding of the financial impact of a vote either way.

Firm resolve

Perhaps the British people feel so strongly about leaving the EU that we would still vote leave a second time.
If that were the case then there would be nothing left but to accept that Brexit means Brexit and crack on with making the best of it.
I’m not in favour of continuing to poll until the country gives the answer I want – but I am in favour of polling now there is more information and people have had a chance to see what a future outside of the EU might entail.
There is sufficient and growing evidence that people may be rethinking their position now the way forward has become clearer.
It’s only democratic to give them an informed choice.

Brexit

"In any case the coming negotiations are extremely serious as they will affect the lives of millions of people for years. This is not a game and what is being negotiated is not a divorce. If anything, it is a self-inflicted downgrade."

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Leaving the EU

On June 23 2016, Britain voted to leave the European Union. It was the greatest disaster to befall the bloc in its 59-year history.
The road ahead is unclear. No state has left the European Union before, and the rules for exit  – contained in Article 50 of the Treaty of Lisbon – are brief.
Here are some of the things we can expect over the coming months.

Article 50 – and a new deal

Britain's complex negotiations to exit the EU can only begin when Article 50 of the Treaty of Lisbon is formally triggered by the UK. 
Theresa May says she will trigger Article 50 no later than the end of March 2017. The process is supposed to take two years but many people believe that it could take longer.
On Feb 8, the European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Bill was approved after around 40 hours of debate during which nine proposals to amend it were rejected by MPs.
Having cleared the House of Commons without any alterations with 494 votes to 122, the bill to pave the way for the formal Brexit process to begin under Article 50 of the EU treaties now passes to the House of Lords. 

Optimism about post-Brexit

Technology giant Apple is "very optimistic" about the UK's future post-Brexit, its boss has told the prime minister.
Apple's chief executive Tim Cook met Theresa May at Downing Street and said he thought the UK would be "just fine"' outside the European Union.
The company plans to build a new UK headquarters in London.
His comments came as the US Chamber of Commerce said US firms had been delaying UK investment decisions.
It has thousands of members in the US, including many large multinationals.
Its head of international affairs, Myron Brilliant, told the BBC firms were worried about future trade rules.
He said they thought there could be new regulatory challenges once the UK was no longer in the EU.

Germany warns City....

One of Germany's most senior banking regulators has warned London that it is likely to lose its role as "the gateway to Europe" for vital financial services.
Dr Andreas Dombret, executive board member for the German central bank, the Bundesbank, said that even if banking rules were "equivalent" between the UK and the rest of the European Union, that was "miles away from access to the single market".
Mr Dombret's comments were made at a private meeting of German businesses and banks organised by Boston Consulting Group in Frankfurt earlier this week.
They give a clear - and rare - insight into Germany's approach as Britain starts the process of leaving the European Union

Impact of weak pound

More than half of the UK’s small and medium-sized businesses say that they will have to raise prices over the next year because of the weakened pound.
A British Chamber of Commerce survey found that 68 per cent of 1,500 businesses questioned expect their costs to go up in 2017, while 54 per cent will increase the prices they charge customers for their goods and services.
The pound has slumped by around 16 per cent against the dollar since the UK voted to leave the EU in June 2016, causing the cost of imports to rise.

Reset fiscal policy after Brexit?

Chancellor of the Exchequer Philip Hammond said he’s ready to “reset” Britain’s fiscal policy if needed to respond to turbulence caused by the decision to vote to leave the European Union.
“In the short term, our colleagues at the Bank of England will be using the monetary tools at their disposal,” Hammond said in Beijing on Friday ahead of a meeting with fellow Group of 20 finance ministers in Chengdu, China. “Over the medium term, we will have the opportunity with our Autumn Statement, our regular late-year fiscal event, to reset fiscal policy if we deem it necessary to do so.”
Hammond’s comments came prior to publication of flash estimates of the impact of the Brexit vote on U.K. services and manufacturing, with the composite July Purchasing Managers’ Index falling to its lowest in seven years and shrinking at the fastest pace on record. The pound reversed a weekly gain, dropping 1 percent to $1.3102 at 12:35 p.m. London time.

Brexit vote bad for firms

Market researcher Ipsos Mori found 58% of respondents said their firms had suffered since last June's exit vote.
Nearly a third of respondents thought the referendum had not made any difference, and 11% felt it had been positive.
More than 100 bosses of FTSE 500 firms responded to the survey.
"Unfortunately, it looks like business in this country is already feeling the pain of the economic upheaval of leaving the EU," said Ipsos Mori chief executive, Ben Page.
"According to respondents there is no sign that this is likely to ease this year, with two thirds saying they thought their business situation would get worse in the next 12 months," he added.
Two-thirds of the chairmen, chief executives and other directors who responded thought that their business would be worse off after the UK left the European Union.
Meanwhile 45% of the 114 FTSE 500 bosses surveyed expected to feel a negative impact in five years' time.

Trade Pacts

Britain’s apparent determination to pursue trade talks with countries outside the EU could significantly undermine its efforts to negotiate a favourable Brexit deal and may well be illegal, diplomats and officials have warned.

Theresa May meets Donald Trump on Friday to discuss a post-Brexit transatlantic trade deal the president has said he would like drawn up “quickly”, while Australia has said talks this week should “begin to lay the foundations” of a similar pact with the UK.
But EU officials and diplomats say that while no one can stop Britain talking to future trade partners, any concrete attempt to negotiate free-trade agreements before Britain leaves the bloc could rapidly sour Brexit negotiations. 

“They do need to be careful about this,” said one London-based EU27 diplomat. “No one will object to broad preliminary talks, but anything that looks like proper negotiations … That would certainly not be well received.” 

Another diplomat in Brussels said the prime minister and her trade team could “obviously have candid informal discussions”, but cautioned it would “not be constructive if the UK did engage in actual negotiations”.

The prime minister has said she intends to capitalise on Brexit by making the UK a leading global free trade champion, negotiating new agreements with countries such as the US, China, India, Australia and New Zealand.
The international trade secretary, Liam Fox, has said the UK is “discussing the possible shape of new agreements” with at least 12 countries, adding that dozens more were prepared to expand their UK trading links.

Besides the risk of antagonising the EU at a time when Britain will be seeking to strike the best possible exit deal with the bloc, formal trade talks with countries outside the EU could also be illegal until Britain leaves. 

EU states cede their right to sign trade deals to the European commission in Brussels and are formally prohibited from pursuing their own agreements.
“Under EU law, no member state discussions on trade agreements – as opposed to commercial deals, like selling planes – with non-EU countries are possible at all,” said Steve Peers, professor of EU law at the University of Essex.
However, Peers said it could be argued that “since it is leaving the EU, the UK is not fully bound by that rule at long as it does not actually conclude any treaties before Brexit day. The legal position is not certain.”

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Marmite

The Unilever boss has defended the multinational’s decision to raise the price of Marmite, saying many other suppliers have followed suit with price rises or by reducing the size of products in response to the weakening pound.

Tesco, Britain’s biggest retailer, removed Marmite and other household brands made by Unilever from its website last October, after the manufacturer tried to raise its prices by about 10% owing to sterling’s slump after the Brexit vote.
Tesco and Unilever resolved their dispute, but the price of Marmite has been sharply increased in UK supermarkets.
Paul Polman, chief executive of Unilever, said the decision to raise prices was “definitely the right one” given that sterling fell against the dollar by up to 20% last year.

He said Unilever, which also makes household brands such Flora margarine, Magnum ice-cream and Dove soap, had to balance “value for money” for shoppers with “long-term” factors.

Polman added: “That is true for us and true for others, otherwise you end up being unsustainable.”

The Unilever boss said that since the company increased prices many other items – including own-brand supermarket products – had risen in price or shrunk in size, a process known as “shrinkflation”.

Polman was speaking as Unilever reported revenues had fallen by 1% to €52.7bn (£44.9bn) in 2016.

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Making money out of Brexit

Tea-maker Andrew Gadsden explains how his business made a five-figure 'bonanza' from the Brexit vote.

He spoke with video journalist Dougal Shaw, who went to meet him at his store in Portsmouth, All About Tea.

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Brexit

The impact on free trade was the most asked about subject. Below, BBC Economics Correspondent Andrew Walker looks at two of the most popular questions you asked:

  • Why does [Mrs May] think we'll get a free trade agreement when [we're] opting out of the free movement of goods, services and people?
  • What's the difference between the "freest possible movement of trade and goods" and the single market as we know it?

The only thing on the list above that the Prime Minister has said she wants to opt out of is the free movement of people - or rather the free movement of people to work and settle in the UK.

She is very keen on the free movement of goods and services. She said in the speech that she wants: "the freest possible trade in goods and services between Britain and the EU's member states."

She does not want to opt out of that.

The freest possible means what we have today. For example: no tariffs on goods travelling in either direction, mutual recognition of each other's technical standards, the freedom to offer services across borders and more.

In short, it means the provisions of the single market that apply to goods and services. It would be theoretically possible to go further still, especially in services. The European Commission says there are still barriers and it wants to tackle them.

But for now, the single market as it is represents the freest we can get.

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Interventionist drive post-Brexit


Britain's government on Monday unveiled a new interventionist approach to rebalance its heavily services-based economy for the post-Brexit era, in a break with traditional Conservative laissez-faire economic policy.

Prime Minister Theresa May's "Modern Industrial Strategy"demands closer collaboration in key industries in exchange for government support, aiming to increase productivity, reinvigorate industrial production and stimulate investment in technology and R&D. 

The focus on industry and the shift to a governmental hands-on approach challenges the laissez-faire ideology championed by former prime minister Margaret Thatcher.

"Underpinning this strategy is a new approach to government, not just stepping back and leaving business to get on with the job, but stepping up to a new, active role that backs business," May wrote in a consultation document on the policy.

May asked businesses to work together to tackle industry-specific challenges, citing examples of successful collaboration that have helped attract overseas investment from the likes of carmaker Nissan (7201.T), and enabled aerospace firms such as BAE Systems (BAES.L) to develop a competitive edge.

In return she pledged to reciprocate with "Sector Deals" that address regulatory barriers, look at how trade and investment deals can be used to increase exports, and support the creation of new institutions to provide leadership, drive innovation or boost skills.
The government said early work had been done on deals for a number of industries: life sciences, ultra-low emission vehicles, nuclear and creative industries. But it said it would work with any sector that could "organize behind strong leadership to address shared challenges and opportunities".  


The plan aspires to distribute wealth more evenly, following decades of industrial decay in parts of Britain. The economy's narrow base has been blamed for a mood of disenfranchisement that drove many voters to back Brexit.

It aims to boost Britain's productivity, which has long lagged European rivals Germany and France. It cited the success of targeted government intervention in countries including the United States and South Korea. 

The outline of was set out in a "Green Paper" inviting views from industry on the government's objectives. 

The government listed 10 strategic pillars behind its strategy such as skills development and improved procurement.

The publication drew positive responses from businesses looking to push their industries to the top of the government's agenda, ranging from waste management firms to builders of new nuclear plants.

But not all sectors felt they would benefit.

A consumer goods industry executive, who declined to be named, said consumer goods were very far down the priority list. 

"The high-skilled and high-paid, that’s what drives economic spending and growth. Pharmaceuticals, heavy industry, IT – all those sectors are always going to be the ones that are more favored," the executive said. 

Since coming to office weeks after Britain's vote to leave the EU last year, May has pushed the once-unfashionable concept of industrial strategy to the top of her agenda, creating a new government department to lead the project, and chairing a top-level cabinet committee on the subject.

Britain's impending exit from the EU threatens to undermine the financial services sector, with several banks planning to shift thousands of jobs abroad because they fear they will lose access to the EU market.

May said last week that Britain would be withdrawing from the single market, and seeking a free trade agreement with the EU instead - a path critics have described as a "Hard Brexit" that would undermine the industrial strategy.

"It’s like the manager tying their team’s bootlaces together while telling them they have a plan to win the match," said Don Foster, business spokesman for the rival and pro-EU Liberal Democrat party.

May presented the full proposals, including plans to boost the teaching of technical skills and mathematics, and a 556-million pound boost for infrastructure projects, at a specially convened cabinet meeting in northwest England.

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Industrial Strategy and Brexit

State Aid

EU rules strictly prohibit most instances of financial support from Government to failing or threatened industries. These rules are known as ‘State Aid rules.’ 


The UK will be a member of the EU until negotiations have been finalised so currently and until the formal exit, State Aid rules will still apply.

After the UK exits the EU, the extent to which State Aid rules will apply to the UK depends on the nature of the relationship with the EU that is negotiated. If the UK became a member of the European Economic Area (EEA), like Norway, then State Aid rules would still apply since they are broadly replicated in the EEA agreement.


If the UK negotiated a unique trade deal with the EU, then the likelihood is that some form of State Aid rules would still apply since the EU would probably require some form of state aid control.


If the UK were to leave without entering into any formal relationship with the EU, then theoretically, no form of State Aid controls would apply to the UK Government, and it would be free to provide any assistance to industries. However, various factors mean that the UK Government would be unlikely to begin subsidising failing industries:


• The UK has historically been averse to providing direct financial support to failing industries
• The UK would likely remain a member of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) following Brexit, and the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures restricts the use of subsides, although less stringently than the EU State Aid rules.


Trade

Many UK industries rely on trade with EU and non-EU member states. Whilst the UK is a member of the EU, trade deals are negotiated at EU level by the European Commission, meaning that trade negotiations have not formed part of the UK’s industrial strategy for many years.


The precise nature of the trade relationship with the EU following the UK’s exit will determine whether the current tariff-free trading relationship with other EU members will be replicated.
Regarding trade with non-EU members, the UK will likely be able to negotiate new trade deals after leaving the EU. This might mean setting its own tariffs and other regulations.


The only scenario following Brexit where the UK would not have the power to set its own external trade policy would be if it stayed within the EU Customs Union, like Turkey. It is unlikely the UK Government would see this as a desirable outcome following Brexit.


Labour market


2.2 million EU nationals work in the UK, meaning that the implications of Brexit on the free movement of people between the EU and the UK could have an impact on the workforce of many UK industries.


It has been widely suggested that whatever arrangement is put in place post-Brexit, the rights of people already exercising free movement would be protected (that is, EU nationals working in the UK and UK nations working in the EU would continue to have the right to do so).


However, for EU nationals wishing to begin work in the UK post-Brexit, their rights depend on the arrangement agreed during the negotiation process. In the February 2016 White Paper on The process for withdrawing from the EU, the UK Government stated that “there would be no requirement under EU law for” the right to free movement to be maintained in the event of Brexit.

Industrial strategy

The Government’s industrial strategy appears to feature the following elements:

• Stricter merger and acquisition rules, with more emphasis on a ‘public-interest test’ for foreign take-overs
• New corporate governance structures, including consumer and employee representation on boards, and greater transparency around executive pay
• Continued work towards higher productivity, including through the development of the science and research base in the UK
• Delivery of infrastructure projects
• Increased house-building
• Continued support for regional development of cities and other economic areas outside London


What about BREXIT?

In common with almost all areas of Government policy, industrial strategy could be radically altered by the UK’s decision to leave the EU.

Aspects of industrial policy that could see particularly significant changes include the application of State Aid rules, trade and the labour market.

How has the Brexit vote affected the UK economy? January verdict

How has the economy reacted to the vote to leave the EU on 23 June? Each month we look at key indicators to see what effect the Brexit process has on growth, prosperity and trade in the UK

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Tariffs

The car industry has told Theresa May that the introduction of tariffs after Britain leaves the EU is a “red line” issue that would lead to a fall in sales and potentially result in job losses.
In a severe warning about the consequences of a hard Brexit, Mike Hawes, the chief executive of the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders, said tariffs would make UK car plants uncompetitive and it was critical that any trade deal with the EU contained some of the benefits of the single market and customs union.

His comments came as the SMMT announced on Thursday that car manufacturing in Britain reached a 17-year-high in 2016. A total of 1.72m cars were produced last year, up by 8.5% on 2015 and the highest figure since 1999. 

He said the rise was the result of “investment over many years”, rather than a “post-Brexit bounce”.

The number of cars exported was 1.25m, 79% of the total and an all-time record. In a sign of how important Europe is to the UK car industry, 57% of the exported cars went to the EU.

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